12th STANDARD BIO BOTANY

BIOLOGY

Higher Secondary Second Year

Tamil Nadu State Board SYLLABUS 

UNIT – 1  Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Types of classifications – artificial – natural – phylogenetic. Biosystematics – binomial nomenclature – herbarium and its uses. Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants – families – Malvaceae – Solanaceae – Euphorbiaceae – Musaceae and their Economic importance.

UNIT 1 AUDIO EXPLANATION:

1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
   

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2. TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
   

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3. BIOSYSTEMATICS
   

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4. Ecotype, Ecospecies, Cenospecies, Comparium
   

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5. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
   

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6. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
   

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7. HERBARIA AND ITS USES IMPORTANCE OF HERBARIUM
   

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8. Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants
   

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9. Dicot Families – MALVACEAE and Botanical description of Hibiscus and Economical importance
   

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10. Solanaceae – Datura metal and Economic importance
    

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11. Euphorbiaceae and Ricinus communis and its Economic importance
    

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12. Musaceae – Musa paradisiaca and its Economic Importance

UNIT – 2   Plant anatomy 

Tissue and tissue systems – anatomy of monocot and dicot roots – anatomy of monocot and dicot stems – anatomy of dicot leaf.

UNIT 2 AUDIO EXPLANATION:

1. Plant anatomy – tissue and tissue system
   

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2. Permanent tissue and simple tissue and its characteristics
   

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3. Complex tissues , Xylem and its Kinds
   

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4. Phloem and its Kinds
   

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5. Tissue system – Epidermal,Vascular and fundamental tissue system
   

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6. Anatomy of Monocot and Dicot roots
   

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7. Structure of dicotyledonous root – Bean root
   

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8. Anatomy of monocot stem – Maize stem
   

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9. Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem – Sunflower stem
   

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10. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot leaves

UNIT – 3 Cell biology and genetics

Chromosomes – structure and types – genes and genomes – linkage and crossing over – gene mapping – recombination of chromosomes – mutation – chromosomal aberrations – DNA as genetic material – structure of DNA – replication of DNA – structure of RNA and its types.

UNIT 3 AUDIO EXPLANATION:

1. CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS INTRODUCTION
   

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2. Types of chromosomes with special types
   

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3. Gene and genome
   

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4. Linkage and mechanism of linkage
   

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5. Crossing over, gene mapping and recombination of chromosome
   

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6. Mutation and classification of mutation
   

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7. Mutagenic agents and its significance
   

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8. Chromosomal aberrations
   

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9. Numerical chromosomal aberrations
   

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10. DNA – structure and function, and bacterial transformation
    

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11. Replication of DNA
    

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12. Structure of RNA and its types

UNIT – 4 Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA technology – transgenic plants and microbes – plant tissue culture and its application – protoplasmic fusion – single cell protein.

UNIT 4 AUDIO EXPLANATION:

1. Biotechnology Introduction – Recombinant DNA technology
   

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2. Gene transfer in plants
   

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3. Transgenic plants – Herbicide resistance in transgenic plants
   

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4. Application of genetic transformation – Benefits
   

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5. Plant tissue culture – origin and techniques
   

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6. Status of tissue culture technology in India And application
   

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7. Protoplast fusion and Practical applications
   

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8. Single cell protein and its uses

UNIT – 5 Plant physiology

Photosynthesis – significance – site of photosynthesis – photochemical and biosynthetic phases – electron transport system – cyclic and non-cyclic
and Cphotophosphorylation – C pathways – photorespiration – factors – saprophytic – parasitic and insectivorous plants – chemosynthesis – respiration – mechanism of glycolysis – Krebs cycle – pentose phosphate pathway – anaerobic respiration – respiratory quotient – compensation pointaffecting photosynthesis – mode of nutrition – autotrophic – heterotrophic – fermentation. Plant growth – growth regulators – phytohormones – auxins – gibberellins – cytokinins – ethylene and abscisic acid.  Photoperiodism and vernalization.

UNIT 5 AUDIO EXPLANATION:

1. Plant physiology – photosynthesis and its significance
   

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2. Site of photosynthesis and Mechanism of photosynthesis
   

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3. Electron transport system and photophosphorylation types
   

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4. Dark reaction
   

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5. C3 and C4 pathways
   

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6. Photorespiration or C2 cycle

UNIT – 6  Biology in human welfare 

Food production – breeding experiments – improved varieties and role of biofertilizers.  Crop diseases and their control – biopesticides – genetically modified food – biowar – biopiracy – biopatent – sustained agriculture and medicinal plants including microbes. Economic importance – food yielding (rice) – oil yielding (groundnut) – fibre yielding (cotton) and timber yielding (teak) plants.